Call for Participation: HEC Outstanding Research Awards for the Years 2013 and 2014
Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) has initiated the Outstanding research Awards program to recognize and reward the achievement of Pakistani researchers/scholars for research innovation and publication in their respective fields of specialization. Applications are invited from researchers/scholars for HEC Outstanding Research Awards for the years 2013 and 2014. Last Date for Submission of Application is August […]
Seminar: Fill the Colour to Bright Your Future Using Textile Chemistry
Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachiis going to organize a one-day seminar entitled “Fill the Colour to Bright Your Future Using Textile Chemistry” on August 25, 2015 at Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan Auditorium, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. Aim and Scope To increase awareness and […]
How to Write Better Science Papers (Tips for Writing Research Articles)
Reporting results in a scientific journal is a process common to researchers in all disciplines. However, many scientific papers fail to communicate research work effectively. Pitfalls include using complicated jargon, including unnecessary details, and writing for your highly specialized colleagues instead of a wider audience. Effective research articles are interesting and useful to a broad […]
Conference on Life Sciences Research 2015
Life Sciences Society of Pakistan (LSSP) is going to organize “4th International Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Congress and Conference on Life Sciences Research 2015″ during Septemeber 04-06, 2015 at Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad-Pakistan, in the collaboration with Isra University (Hyderabad, Sind), Noble Science and Research Center (Turkey), Al-Nafees Medical […]
The Chemistry of Petroleum Refining
The first step in refining petroleum is distillation; the object here is to separate the petroleum into fractions based on the volatility of its components. Complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically. More than 500 different compounds are contained in the petroleum distillates boiling below 200°C, and many […]
Homolysis and Heterolysis of Covalent Bonds
Reactions of organic compounds always involve the making and breaking of covalent bonds. A covalent bond may break in two fundamentally different ways. Heterolysis When a bond breaks such that one fragment takes away both electrons of the bond, leaving the other fragment with an empty orbital, this kind of cleavage is called heterolysis (Greek: […]
Four Major Types of Organic Reactions
Virtually all organic reactions fall into one of four categories: substitutions, additions, eliminations, or rearrangements. Substitution Reactions Substitutions are the characteristic reactions of saturated compounds such as alkanes and alkyl halides and of aromatic compounds (even though they are unsaturated). In a substitution, one group replaces another. For example, chloromethane reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce methyl […]
