Conference on Life Sciences Research 2015
Life Sciences Society of Pakistan (LSSP) is going to organize “4th International Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Congress and Conference on Life Sciences Research 2015″ during Septemeber 04-06, 2015 at Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad-Pakistan, in the collaboration with Isra University (Hyderabad, Sind), Noble Science and Research Center (Turkey), Al-Nafees Medical […]
The Chemistry of Petroleum Refining
The first step in refining petroleum is distillation; the object here is to separate the petroleum into fractions based on the volatility of its components. Complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically. More than 500 different compounds are contained in the petroleum distillates boiling below 200°C, and many […]
Homolysis and Heterolysis of Covalent Bonds
Reactions of organic compounds always involve the making and breaking of covalent bonds. A covalent bond may break in two fundamentally different ways. Heterolysis When a bond breaks such that one fragment takes away both electrons of the bond, leaving the other fragment with an empty orbital, this kind of cleavage is called heterolysis (Greek: […]
Four Major Types of Organic Reactions
Virtually all organic reactions fall into one of four categories: substitutions, additions, eliminations, or rearrangements. Substitution Reactions Substitutions are the characteristic reactions of saturated compounds such as alkanes and alkyl halides and of aromatic compounds (even though they are unsaturated). In a substitution, one group replaces another. For example, chloromethane reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce methyl […]
How to Use Curved Arrows in Illustrating Reactions
Curved Arrows show the direction of electron flow in a reaction mechanism. point from the source of an electron pair to the atom receiving the pair. (Curved arrows can also show the movement of single electrons. We shall discuss reactions of this type in a later chapter.) always show the flow of electrons from a […]
Aldol Reaction – Mechanism and Stereochemistry
Reaction of aldehydes or ketones to give β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds. The addition of the α-carbon of an enolizable aldehyde or ketone 1 to the carbonyl group of a second aldehyde or ketone 2 is called the aldol reaction.1,2 It is a versatile method for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds, and is frequently used in organic […]
3rd National Materials 2015 Conference
Directorate of Science and Technology KPK, Material Research Laboratory, Institute of Physics and Electronics, University of Peshawar and University of Peshawar (UoP) are jointly organizing 3rd National Conference of its kind “Material 2015” on Materials Processing, Base-Metal Extraction, Characterization, Properties and Their Economic & Energy Potential, on 22 – 23 April, 2015 at University of Peshawar, […]
